Regression Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Regression - Research Paper Example I retrieved my data from STATS Indiana. Three or four decades ago, cars in the United States were bought out of only necessity. People used to purchase cars not for laxity, but due to various factors such as for convenience purposes. In the last two decades, however, the world in general has moved on from this kind of situation. People no longer buy cars out of necessity, but rather, people buy cars for luxurious reasons. The United States, and Marion County in the state of Indiana to be specific, is no different. Motor vehicles of different models are purchased round the clock, for many reasons other than necessity (Riley 1). The automobile industry in Marion County is one of the most active among all industries within the county. In the recent years, the number of motor vehicles operating on the road has been going up steadily. There are various factors that contribute to this upward trend. The factors influencing the above trend may be well discussed if grouped into various categories. First and foremost, population is the most influencer of the rate at which cars are bought. In this paper, the population is considered both for the local and immigrants. The other factor is age. Age, in Marion County, is a major determinant of car ownership. Employment is another factor which highly determines the general purchasing power of the population. This paper, therefore, examines each and every of these contributing or influencing factors, determining how each one contributes, negatively or positively, to the selling and purchasing trends in the motor vehicle industry. In every business industry, there are market forces that determine the rate at which the goods and/or services in that particular industry are sold or purchased. These market forces are demand and supply. These are the only determinants of sales and purchases in any particular industry in any particular country. The market forces

Survey Example Essay Example for Free

Survey Example Essay We the students of communication skills 14 are conducting a research paper regarding the causes and effects of smoking and drinking to 2nd year students of Centro Escolar University, Manila school year 2012-2013. Here are some questions below, please answer it by putting check on the answers provided before the line. Thankfully yours, (name of respondents) Researchers Questions For Drinkers: 1. Have you ever consumed alcohol? __yes __no 2. At what age did you start consuming alcohol? ________ 3. . Why did you start consuming alcohol? __ peer pressure __family problems __curiosity __to have fun Other(please specify____________) 4. Have you ever passed out or experience memory loss due to drinking? ___ yes ____no 5. What alcoholic beverages do you often drink? ____ beer ____ cocktails ____ rhum ____ whistkey 6. How often do you drink? ____ once a week ____ twice a week ____ once every two weeks Others: (please specify) _____ 7. Do you drink to escape pain, either physical or emotional? ___ Yes ___ No 8. How does it affect your condition the next day? ____ makes you lazy ____ makes you feel sleepy ____ makes you feel out of the mood ____ makes you feel sick 9. Have you ever skipped or missed class because of drinking? ___Yes ___ No 10. How does it affect your performance in school? ____ gives you poor outcome in class participation ____ makes you feel lazy to come to class ____ makes you feel sleepy during class ____ gives you low grades 11. Have you ever skipped or missed class because of drinking? ___Yes ___No 12. Did you ever get into any fights while drinking? ___Yes ___No 13. Any future plans to stop? ___ Yes ___ No Questions for Smokers: 1. When did you start to smoke? ____ 10-12 years old ____ 13-15 years old ____ 16-19 years old Others: (Please specify) _____________ 2. Why did you start smoking? ____ peer pressure ____ stress ____ curiosity Other(please specify) ______________ 3. What do you get from smoking? ____Relaxation ____ Habit ____Good time Others(please specify) ___ 4. Who among in your household smokes? ____Father ____ Sister ____Mother ____ Brother Others(please specify) ____ 5. How many sticks did you used when smoking? ____1 to 2 sticks ____ 2 to 3 sticks ____ 3 to 4 sticks Others(please specify) ____________ 6. How often do you smoke? ____ everyday ____ every other day ____ once a week Others( please specify) ____________ 7. What influenced you to start smoking? ____ peer pressure ____ to gain new experience ____ being done in the family Other(please specify) _____________ 8. Why do you smoke? ____Relaxation ____ Habit ____ Good times Others(please specify)____ 9. Are you aware of the effects of smoking to yourself and to the people around you? ____ Yes ____ No 10. Any future plans to stop? ____ Yes ____ No

The Definition of Success Essay -- Definition Essays Defining Papers

The Definition of Success   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is success? Is it the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result acceptable amongst the community, or is it simply achieving ones own personal goals? Success to me can mean many things. Although I am successful in school, that does not necessarily mean I will lead a successful life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to The American Heritage Dictionary success is, "the achievement of something desired, planned, or attempted." Even over the course of history, the meaning of the word has not really changed. In the Webster's Dictionary from 1828, success was stated as, "the favorable or prosperous termination of anything attempted; a termination which answers the purpose intended; properly in a good sense, but often in a bad sense."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The word success itself has an interesting background. First used in 1537, the word was derived from Latin. Succeed entered English in the 15th century from Old French succeder, which itself came from Latin succedere. That word is a compound verb formed from sub- "under" in the sense of "next under" or "after," and cedere "go." The meaning of "getting near to something" changed in Latin to "doing well, prospering," hence the meaning behind success.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Success to me is setting personal goals, and following through with them. Whether you achieve your desired result or not, you have succeeded just by trying. "It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled, or whe...

Ethical Standards :: Ethics

Ethical standards are extremely valuable because when no guidelines set in charge there would be all categories of people who can poison the criminal justice system. "If no standards are set the ponds within the system that are upheld to carry out justice", would be able to run ramped and just do whatever, now when we put in charge a checks and balance system every person is held accountable for their own action. If we enforce the ethics, and set standards for all levels then all people would be screened and checked so that some of the loopholes could be found. Now are we going to stop all unethical issues no! Nevertheless, the system would allow use to at least slow it and let it be known that it will not be tolerated. Ethical standard in our criminal justice are extremely beneficial because our beliefs and values regarding right and wrong, are shaped by code of ethical standards establish by criminal justice agency. Code of ethics also established an organizational objective and rationale for duties and actions regarding both organization mission and the outside world. Ethical standard also set the Value in which organizational purpose is defined like to rudiments of appropriateness, worth or importance. (Pollock, 2010) Ethical standard also specify Values in which alternative or judgment of the agency must consider in which high priority are right on them. Ethical standard are based on entirely Justifications for the law that serves as a tool of behavior change, or social engineering. When Laws are used to control behavior, it must have totem of ethical standard in which sanctions are provided morally. In addition, by teaching people what behaviors are acceptable and what ones are not ethical sta ndard must be used. As Law becomes society value so does ethical standard because every person is a value to society, and society has a right to protect this value, and even against his or her will. (Pollock, 2010) Concerning terrorism, the issues of ethical standard are extremely valuable because persons do not commit the act of terror in isolation. Terrorism requires context, victim, and ethical standard suggest that we need to understand the conditions and environments that encourage people to become terrorist. (Micheal C. Braswell, 2005) By setting ethical standard, we not only become aware and responsive to moral and ethical issues. We also begin developing critical thinking and analytical expertise. By developing these skills, we recognize our goal as an organization and we expand our capability and grow personally responsibly.

Parker Pen

Parker Pen: An Adventure in Globalization pg. 547 1. -This is the history of the failure of an international marketing strategy. Which were the reasons? Analyze the 4 P’s. (Price, Product, Place, Promotion) Being one of the largest pen industries in the world, Parker Pen was a failure for having international marketing strategy. This is due to the fact that Parker wanted its products to fall under the concept of standardization. He called this the â€Å"Janesville strategy†. Under promotion, Parker Pen wanted his pens to follow the mission of â€Å"one look, one voice†, meaning all Parker products would be sold and re-produced the same way in all countries the company would make partnership with overseas. As a result, all packaging and advertising would mirror the original Parker Pens in all participating countries. The problems which would arise from this is that standardization may not cater to different countries, who may have an interest for specific supply of pens. For example, locations such as France and Italy are fond of expensive fountain pens. Consequently, promotion strategies would lead to the decisions with regards to the distribution of products. Parker wanted all his pens to focus on a common positioning, which meant that the same types of pens would be allocated to its specified locations. The problem here is that the target markets values and interests are different across different markets, and cannot be dealt with similarly. Parker failed to realize that that you cannot use the same tactics on all individuals because each individual is unique in their own way. On the same note, this reduces the level of customization and personal preference. This also reduces customer consideration and individuals do not feel there is a sense of providing customer satisfaction. For the product, Parker pens lose its value in the pen industry for providing individuals with the writing instruments they need and have a value in. The Janesville strategy was a failure also due to the fact of pricing barriers. As stated in the article, Parker produced low-cost pens, which were not functional and were unable to do what they were intended to do. Leading up to this was a large controversy on the goodwill of the company in comparison to their actual products. Parker pen was a known as a company of quality, yet with this new global strategy, they failed to reduce costs yet at the same time satisfy the needs of customers. 2. -What role do people play in implementing any strategic decision? Analyze the role of Mr. Peterson, Mr. Smith and Mr. Parker. During the crisis of Parker pen, there were many roles being played. Mr. Peterson worked at reducing costs by laying off employees to reducing the product line to 100. He believed that entering into the global industry, it would require a single â€Å"world class agency†. Both Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith decided that Parker pens needed to target the low-end of the market, meaning low cost pens would need to be produced. This would also result in the pens being in lower quality and standards than the original Parker pens. Mr. Smith, being promoted as the new president of the Parker pen company, planned to develop the Vector on the high scale and a disposable pen named the Itala on the low scale. Mr. Smith wanted Parker pens to take on markets of the pen industry that has never been done by any other company before. He decided that this would be the success of the company in entering into the global markets. For the company, this was a large risk as green ventures are unknown are this may cause a large fall in profits and sales. Mr. Smith also researched on the sales of Parker pens and discovered that the company had only a small share in the pen industry as most of its profits were coming from pens selling for less than three dollars. Mr. Smith decided that a change was needed, therefore pushed for the promotion of high scale to low scale products. Under the management of Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith, 400 company managers were trained to market Parker products the same way in all locations. On the other hand, Mr. Parker was a believer of new product development, turning Parker pens into a company producing over 500 lines of products. His thoughts on the development of the global market were contrary to the ideas of Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith. 3. -Was it a good idea for Parker Pen to produce and sell a wide range of pens from high-cost to low-cost? Why? It was not a good alternative for Parker Pen to produce and sell pens ranging from high-cost to low-cost. Parker pens are known for the quality in writing instruments and changing their production process by purchasing reduced quality materials will diminish the goodwill of the company. The first decision of determining if a company should globalize consist of the following items: knowing the company and its strength and weaknesses, knowing the product and its selling points, knowing the home market, knowing the target market and its background, and being able to leaves one’s predetermined values, beliefs, and propositions. There are many factors that need to be taken into consideration. Contrarily, the concept of having a wide range of products can be a success if adequate research was done to understand each markets’ values. In low growth developing countries, the most viable option may be to sell low cost pens because individuals may not have the ability to afford prestigious ones. 4. -If customers from different places are buying similar products, do you think it is possible to approach different markets with the same advertising theme? Why? Customers from different places may have values in buying similar products, but it is not possible to approach different markets with the same advertising theme. The reason for this is that you need to custom to each market. You need to change your advertising strategies according to the values of that particular location. For example, some locations may want to feel a personal message directed towards them in order to attract them while others may want advertising to be assertive and straightforward without any underlying messages. By assisting distribution to extensive research, Parker Pens can gain a larger understanding of each markets’ needs when dealing with promotional planning and marketing strategies. In other words, Parker Pen took on the concept of Ethnocentrism and Geocentrism, which means that the use of strategies are the same for all countries worldwide as it is in the home country. This may be both beneficial and detrimental for a company’s marketing process. Looking at standardization versus adaptation, a potential starting point for Parker Pen could be standardization; however, a company must also know when to make a change. Subsequently, adaption and modification of products would need to be implemented in order to maintain brand recognition in a global society. 5. -Which had been your recommendation for the international marketing plan of Parker Pen in 1982? Since Parker pens was previously established as an industry of high quality writing instruments. With a product line of 500, the company should have done more research and evaluation of each international target market before pushing their products into that particular country. Since Parker Pen is a company of no direct foreign marketing, in determining which products should be distributed can be handed to an expert and advisor who will perform that research. Market selection is done using secondary data from previous companies who may have been successful in international markets. Another option is to use precedence to determine whether the company will survive in the global industry. In the Strategic Decisions in International Expansion model, Parker Pen did not go through the decisions of determining whether the company was export ready and what modes of entry the company would enter by. There was a lack of strategy implemented on the marketing mix and how the company were to distribute their resources. For Parker Pen, there was an overuse of self-reference criterion, where both Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith believed that a high volume of low-costing pens would perform well in locations overseas. This was a failure to realize differences and be able to put down one’s own values and accept the values of customers and the target market. Consequently, there was a lack of evaluation and knowing thy target. Segmentation variables are those that involve the demographics of each individual. In high developing countries, there may be a larger group of young individuals who are looking for affordable working pens to get them through the day at school, while in high business and technology based environments, individuals may value higher-priced pens because it produces an image of respect and status.

Canada Vs. The USA essays

Canada Vs. The USA essays Canadians and American are similar in many ways. Through history, one may notice that the two nations are both of European origin and that many of them speak English. Canada and the US had the longest undefended boarder until recently. We can drive for miles in each others country without any obvious signs that we are in a foreign county, until we come upon a Tim Hortons Donut store or Arco service station or a national flag. However, there are differences. Canadians have been described as American without guns, but with universal health care. This definitely hints at some of our distinctions. Regarding gun control, Americans value their freedom over social stability, whereas Canadians are the opposite. Canadians view universal access to health care as a moral issue for which we are willing to pay additional taxes in order to insure everyone. Americans do not. The American society is much more aggressive and wants all its demands met at its convenience, always pushing and placing a lot of pressure on other countries in order to get what Americans want. On the contrary, Canada is a middleman that negotiates and attempts to make peace with countries to suit Canadas needs. This gives the Americans the stereotype of a Rich bully and Canada as being the Peace Keeping country. Now on the other than international reputations, there are obvious differences between Americans and Canadians. This can be seen in attitudes and national pride. The Americans are overconfident and are always helping themselves to what ever they want as if its their god given right. The Americans also insist that they are the centre of attention, doing anything to be the coolest kid on the block. In view of the facts, Canadians are very polite and just generally nice people. We are not always showing off and trying to get the worlds attention. ...

Essay on Rationalism vs Puritanism Essays

Essay on Rationalism vs Puritanism Essays Essay on Rationalism vs Puritanism Paper Essay on Rationalism vs Puritanism Paper Comparing Rationalism and Puritanism Essay Rationalism vs Puritanism Rationalism. A form of religion where instead of believing in a higher been, Science and reasoning are what is lived by. Being able to prove and identify things in life that make rational sense is what is used instead of worshipping some form of God. The very opposite goes for Puritanism. Worshipping a higher been that made the earth and the universe and everything in it including yourself is whats considered to be the religion of the puritans. Both sides see completely different perspectives in life and each group lives in different ways according to their beliefs. Rationalists, believing in science and reason over belief in a higher been, think that people should live their life by science. If youre able to prove that something exists or doesnt, then you should live by what the facts say. If something is beyond the realm of human reason, it is not to be believed. While the Puritans believed that everyone had a pre-destined faith, Rationalists believed in no such thing. They lived off of a pure basis that from when you are born until you die, live by reason and what is real and proven instead of ideas and concepts that are only believed and worshipped. Based on the Puritan belief that in your lifetime you should have more good deeds then sins and that your sins should be forgiven in order for you to go to heaven (5 + (-5) + good deeds (less then or equal to)0), Rationalists believed in a balance that didnt involve having to have good deeds or forgive sins because they did not believe in heaven or hell or sins (-1 + 1 = 0). Puritans believed that you should live life strictly from the bible. Living by the ways of the 10 commandments and believing and worshipping god while not commiting sins and living life with purity will enable you to go to heaven on Judgement Day. Not living your life by the bible and/or commiting sins that were not forgiven meant to the Puritans that you were living your life the wrong way and that you would eventually end up in hell. In the passage Upon Burning of the House, even though the girls house was burned down, She knew that she must keep living by the ways of god and believed that God wouldnt have done this to her if it were not for some reason that she deserved. Knowing this, she doesnt question the burning of her house any further and realizes that it was Gods plan and his decision and being an ideal Puritan, keeps living her life praising God.

Recognizing And Nurturing Intrinsic Motivation Essays - Free Essays

Recognizing And Nurturing Intrinsic Motivation Essays - Free Essays Recognizing And Nurturing Intrinsic Motivation Running head: RECOGNIZING AND NURTURING INTRINSIC MOTIVATION Recognizing and Nurturing Intrinsic Motivation: A Cautionary Tale Article Critique Recognizing and Nurturing Intrinsic Motivation: A Cautionary Tale This article related to the pre-teaching experiences of educators and the necessity for training in the identification of intrinsic motivation in the gifted learner. For far too many years, gifted learners were only thought to be the achievers in the group. Those students that were able to excel in whatever assignment was given or any task at hand were generally those identified as the gifted and talented in the group. This paper implies that this belief continues to be widely held. Those in teacher training are required to perform a given number of hours of observation in a mentor teacher's classroom prior to the completion of their program. Without adequate training in the identification of internally motivated behavior, this writer concludes that many of the teacher-identified gifted students would be missed. From the author's perspective, most of the pre-teachers doing the observations in this paper identified the teacher-pleasers as the intrinsically motivated in the classroom. Usually this type of student is most responsive to extrinsic motivation, according to the author. Future teachers need to be trained to recognize the nonconformist gifted learner as well. Too often these students are allowed to fall between the cracks because their true intrinsic motivation is never identified. They are usually labeled early on as a troublemaker or as rowdy. Failure to identify those students that only faintly demonstrate characteristics of giftedness can lead to continual classroom disruptions and the loss of potential for the student. I could not agree more strongly with the author. Having taught several vocational science classes in local high schools, I have met many students that are indeed gifted but are nonconforming holding little regard for those that do not seek to understand them on a personal level. There are many strong young minds lost every year because teachers and other professionals are not adequately trained or equipped to identify and differentiate curriculum for these underground students. According to the author characteristics of the intrinsically motivated student include: students that accept challenges willingly, those that show persistence in difficult tasks, those who exhibit curiosity, remain task-committed, and reflect satisfaction in their own efforts despite the opinion of others. The author sees this motivation as fueled by students' psychoacademic needs to control their own decisions. These students, almost by their very nature, do not exhibit the teacher pleasing characteristics so often identified with the gifted student. In fact, the author sites research indicating that extrinsic rewards (teacher pleasing) can be devastating to the intrinsically motivated student. This system lessens the ability of the child to learn and work for the satisfaction therein. The author feels these students can lose their perceived power over their decisions much more quickly than the average learner can. In the paper it is described as a fragile commodity, lost more easily than gained. The author concludes by reinforcing the need for teachers to be trained early on in the recognition and nurture of intrinsic motivation in order to foster self-esteem and a safe environment in which the gifted learner can prosper. Bibliography Lashaway-Bokina, N. (2000). Recognizing and nurturing intrinsic motivation: a cautionary tale. Roeper Review, 22(4), 225-229. Bibliography Lashaway-Bokina, N. (2000). Recognizing and nurturing intrinsic motivation: a cautionary tale. Roeper Review, 22(4), 225-229.

Race, Place, and Obesity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Race, Place, and Obesity - Assignment Example obesity, that different racial/ethnic groups face. For a disease to be eliminated, we first need to know all the risk factors that cause its occurrence and the purpose behind this study is to investigate if community-level racial/ethnic composition is a risk factor for obesity. The results and conclusions of this study can steer future interventions in the right direction, which is to minimize these health disparities. 3- I found this literature review to be fulfilling its purpose, information about other researches conducted in the area of community-level obesity and individual-level obesity based on ethnicity/race were mentioned. The need for this study was also explained since no other research has covered the association between a communitys racial/ethnic composition, an individuals race/ethnicity and obesity. 4- This study is addressing two questions. One, whether a communitys racial/ethnic compositions association with obesity overrides characteristics of an individual? Two, if there is an association present between the two, does it differ on account of an individuals own race/ethnicity? 5- The research hypothesis being studied is the presence of a relationship between a communitys racial/ethnic composition and obesity. Since there are social norms dictating lifestyle in every ethnic group, one ethnic/racial group might be in favour of an increased body weight than the other, and whether a person of a different ethnicity living in that community would be susceptible to obesity or not. 6- If the research does result in highlighting that living in a certain racial/ethnic group puts an individual at risk for obesity regardless of his/her own characteristics, it might result in hysteria causing an exodus of people out of that community and social interventions warning against obesity at a community level, the latter being a more positive result. 7- The hypothesis is somewhat clear, that the

Literature Review Viability of Nuclear Power as an Alternate Power Essay

Literature Review Viability of Nuclear Power as an Alternate Power Source - Essay Example Climate change is usually recognized as one of the most critical issues for the international community as it is known to influence many aspects of the environment as well as the society, together with the health of humans, ecological units, cultivation and irrigation, local and universal economies, sea levels and extreme weather conditions. There do exist more than a few ways to generate electrical energy without discharging air pollution. The most practicable means is nuclear energy, which presents not only a harmless, uncontaminated, and inexpensive alternative to other methods of producing electricity but can additionally be reprocessed. In comparison to the electricity produced by the burning of fossil fuels, nuclear energy is known to be relatively clean because there is no generation of either air pollution or carbon dioxide from the nuclear power plants except some quantity of release as a of result uranium processing which is used in nuclear reactors. The issue of viability of nuclear plants in comparison to fossil fuels actually depends on the values that are placed on the wastes that each type of plant produces. Nuclear power supplies large environmental advantages by nearly completely eliminating airborne wastes because it emits nil combustion byproducts, no acid gases, absolutely no greenhouse gases and the particulates which are produced throughout the power generation.The diminution of costs in the production of nuclear power is triggered by the production of relatively lesser volumes of radioactive wastes, preceding the final disposal. Since the volume of waste from the nuclear plant is significantly smaller than the amount in fossil fuels, and are nearly in solid form, they are all held inside the reactor stations. Nuclear power stations necessitate very small quantity of fuel, approximately only 100 tonnes per year consequently producing very small volumes of waste. Because of the absolute control of its wastes, nuclear power is publicized to be one of the very few power sources which has all of its external costs paid for in the price of electricity sold to the consumer. But is nuclear power actually economically viable In the 1970's nuclear power charged half as much as electricity from coal burning. By 1990 nuclear power cost doubled to electricity from coal burning (Slingerland et al, 2004). Today the costs of nuclear power are estimated to be about $0.05-0.07/kWh making it, on average, between 2 and 4 times more costly than electricity generated by burning fossil fuels. For example, France, where nuclear power accounts for 75% of total electricity production, it has been confessed that nuclear power is far more expensive than electricity from efficient fossil fuel burning power plants (Makhijani,

Conflict in Darfur Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Conflict in Darfur - Research Paper Example The armed forces of the government and the Janjaweed have responded to the growing fight of the rebels with crushing violence. They have killed a large number of people in and around the ethnic tribes who are supporting the rebel groups. Most of the countries around the world, particularly the US, have recognized this killing as genocide and have been forcing the Sudanese government to stop these atrocities. UN Security Council has passed a resolution, deploying UN Peace Keeping Forces to Darfur. This is the situation under which this research is being conducted. The primary question in front of us now is whether the Darfur situation will affect efforts in the global war on terrorism. With the known support for Al-Qaeda by the Sudanese Government and the Janjaweed, it is not a surprise that the Al-Qaeda has an on going interest in the happenings at Darfur. At the same time, the rest of world is also interested because of the large support that Al-Qaeda enjoys and its close link with the world terrorism. To identify the various possibilities of the research question, consequently its impact on the hypothesis, a survey will be conducted with the interested parties. This will comprise of people who are directly involved and people who are knowledgeable on the said issues. Twenty people who are resident or were residents of Darfur will be picked up for the purpose of this survey. In addition to this, similar opinion will be elicited from twenty other people who are interested in the making of a solution for Darfur. Another ten people who are from the general public who are not directly or indirectly involved in Darfur will also be queried to identify the right kind of an impact that they have all had on the topic. The entire process will be completed in a month's time and this would involve traveling to the relevant locations. Since this involves meeting some of the people who are directly involved in the fight at Darfur, there is a mild risk for the interviewer and for the participant too. But the impact is very minor. The survey will make use of a questionnaire that will have a Likert Scale in place. This would make comparison easy. However, there will also be five numbers of open ended questions posed to the participants which will bring out their thoughts on the subject. Participating in this study is not a risk for the participants. However, safety precautions should be taken up. If the subject or the participant has to travel and incur expenses for participating in this survey, then the same is refunded to the person. However, the researcher will be keen to avoid disturbing the life of the subject; instead, he or she will travel down to the location of the subject to interview him / her. Quantitative and Qualitative analysis methods will be adopted to make use of the data

The professional is political Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The professional is political - Essay Example Learning occurs when on earth you take on new behaviour or adapt obtainable behaviour patterns in a method that has some power on future presentation or approach. Learning is so a form of activity that results in a long-lasting or lasting change in behaviour. Learning is incredible that we never discontinue responsibility. We start knowledge from the instant we are born and stay on learning waiting the day we die. Knowledge is the aptitude to understand new belongings and put into action the belongings we have learnt in daily life. Teachers who make warm and tolerant yet business-like atmospheres will endorse persistent attempt and favourable attitudes in the direction of learning. This plan will be successful in brood and in adults. Develop an surroundings in which it is most possible students will feel a intelligence of incentive to learn what is being trained rather than trying to pressurize students into knowledge. To do this requires in commission from a sympathetic of the student wants. Some individuals -- particularly children of sure ages and a number of adults -- have little ability for internal incentive and must be guide and reinforced continually. The use of inducement is base on the standard that learning occurs additional successfully when the scholar experience feelings of approval. Caution should be work out in using external rewards at what time they are not totally necessary. Their make use of may be followed by a refuse in interior incentive. People seek others by means of whom to contrast their abilities, opinions, and feeling. Affiliation cans also consequence in direct nervousness reduction by the communal receipt and the mere attendance of others. However, these motivators can too lead to traditional values, opposition, and other behaviors that may seem as unenthusiastic. However, it has to be borne in brain that there can be no set of courses growth without teacher growth. Staff and prospectus expansion must be intimately

Ethical Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ethical Question - Essay Example I will then head straight to the university’s head office to seek assistance. Since, it is prudent for the university’s management to be aware of what has transpired in the institution premises because they are accountable of everything and everyone within its confinements. I would then call the nearest police station and inform them of what has transpired and the location of the accident. This is to prove the accident was not intentional besides showing that I am ready to face the consequences. The management will then try as much as possible to locate the car’s owner with the registration number, which I took with the intention of discussing with owner on how to resolve the issue. Together with him or her, we would discus amicably the best way besides agreeing to cater for any caused damages. The reason for these actions will encompass upholding my dignity and ethics that I normally keep all through my life (Jennings 30). Secondly, I will be adhering to the already set laws that govern the state and dictate diverse restitutions, which any offender ought to observe. This is to maintain good and health interrelationships with the owner of the car despite both of being strangers to each other (Jennings 30). Therefore, my actions will be ensuring the person whom I have backed into his or her car will not feel much wronged. This is especially when he or she emerges and fails to see who was responsible for what has happened to his or her

The professional is political Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The professional is political - Essay Example Learning occurs when on earth you take on new behaviour or adapt obtainable behaviour patterns in a method that has some power on future presentation or approach. Learning is so a form of activity that results in a long-lasting or lasting change in behaviour. Learning is incredible that we never discontinue responsibility. We start knowledge from the instant we are born and stay on learning waiting the day we die. Knowledge is the aptitude to understand new belongings and put into action the belongings we have learnt in daily life. Teachers who make warm and tolerant yet business-like atmospheres will endorse persistent attempt and favourable attitudes in the direction of learning. This plan will be successful in brood and in adults. Develop an surroundings in which it is most possible students will feel a intelligence of incentive to learn what is being trained rather than trying to pressurize students into knowledge. To do this requires in commission from a sympathetic of the student wants. Some individuals -- particularly children of sure ages and a number of adults -- have little ability for internal incentive and must be guide and reinforced continually. The use of inducement is base on the standard that learning occurs additional successfully when the scholar experience feelings of approval. Caution should be work out in using external rewards at what time they are not totally necessary. Their make use of may be followed by a refuse in interior incentive. People seek others by means of whom to contrast their abilities, opinions, and feeling. Affiliation cans also consequence in direct nervousness reduction by the communal receipt and the mere attendance of others. However, these motivators can too lead to traditional values, opposition, and other behaviors that may seem as unenthusiastic. However, it has to be borne in brain that there can be no set of courses growth without teacher growth. Staff and prospectus expansion must be intimately

MEDICINE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

MEDICINE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example This paper discusses medicine management of Salbutamol. It starts by examining the legal and ethical frameworks in medicine management and administration in the UK and how they impact medicine management practices; it then discusses safe ordering, receiving, storage, administration and disposal of Salbutamol nebules. The paper then discusses drug management and administration in Patient Group Directions (PGD), this is done by explaining the meaning of PGD and the legal framework that establishes it before exploring the possibility of Salbutamol nebules being included as one of the PGD medications. Finally the paper examines self medication and points out some of its advantages to the whole process medicine management and administration. The legislative framework for medicines management and administration in the UK includes a number of legislations relating to the prescription, supply, storage, and administration of drugs (NHS, 2011). All practitioners including nurses and pharmacists have to comply with these pieces of legislation for the safety of patients as well as for general ethical conduct in the practice of medicine (Grifith, 2009). The control of medicines in the UK is carried out mainly through the Medicines Act (1968) and other related legislation in the country and in Europe. According to NMC (2008) administration of medicines is a significantly important aspect of the professional contract of nurses. The Nursing and Midwifery Council takes recognition of the fact that medicines management is a flexible practice as opposed to being performed in strict compliance with the instructions of the medical practitioners prescribing the drugs. The body recognizes the importance of drug administration being pract iced through professional judgement and though on the part of practitioners (NMC, 2009). Medicines management and administration is one of the areas that are affected by frequent errors and it is well recognized

The Hubble Space Telescope Essay Example for Free

The Hubble Space Telescope Essay The Hubble Space Telescope is a telescope placed in orbit over our planet’s atmosphere. This particular positioning (outside the earth’s atmosphere) allows the set of device to take sharp optical images of otherwise very faint spatial objects. The telescope was named after Edwin Hubble, the person who is responsible for discovering galaxies outside the milky way. In relation to the intended function of the Hubble Space Telescope, Edwin Hubble is also the one who created Hubble’s law, the calculated measurement of the rate at which the universe is expanding (Burows, 1991). The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 and has become one of the most important instruments in the history of astronomy. The data retrieved from the telescope has been responsible for ground breaking theories and help answering questions in astrophysics. In this paper, we will describe the Hubble Space Telescope and all its roles in the development of our science of astronomy. II. Engineering of the Telescope The design of the telescope consists of several parts: Optical Telescope Assembly The most important part of the Hubble Space Telescope design is the mirror and optical system. Because they are designed for different functions, there are significant differences of the Hubble Space Telescope design compare to general telescope. A general telescope is designed to observe objects illuminated with visible light, thus, the mirror of the telescope needed only to be polished to and accuracy of one-tenth of the wave length of that visible light (Spitzer, 1979). However, the Hubble Space Telescope was designed to capture object illuminated by lights ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared. Thus, the mirror of the telescope needed to be polished to an accuracy of 1/20 of the wavelength of visible light (Burrows, 1991). It was realized that the polishing job would require extreme precision and the assistance of sophisticated tools and gadget. Thus, the polishing was performed by Perkin-Elmer, using computer-controlled polishing machines. In pursue of accuracy, Perkin-Elmer spend more than a year to complete the polishing stage. In 1981, the mirror was completed with the addition of a reflective aluminum coating 75nm thick and a magnesium protective fluoride coating 25nm thick. The additional coating was installed to increase mirror’s reflectivity in ultraviolet light (Burrows, 1991). II. 2. Ground Support The role of the ground support system of the Hubble Space Telescope was performed by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). The institute was established in 1983, located in Baltimore, in the Homewood campus of Johns Hopkins University and operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA). Operations of the Hubble Space Telescope are monitored 24 hours a day by the Hubble Flight Operations Team which consist of four teams of flight controllers. The ground support has the responsibility to manage the scientific operation of the telescope and oversee the delivery of data products to astronomers. The engineering support required for the operations is provided with NASA at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland (STScI, 2003). The ground support team has had some incident relating to the delay of Hubble’s launch schedule. The launch was delayed for four years to account for the Challenger disaster. The mirrors and other instruments were to be kept in clean rooms until the rescheduled launch. In 1990 however, when the launch was finally performed, the dust that has accumulated on the mirror required nitrogen dusting and the system needed to be tested extensively again to ensure safety (STScI, 2003). II. 3. Spacecraft System The designers of the project stated that the spacecraft that carried the Hubble out to space was considered a big engineering challenge. First and foremost, it must have the capability of enduring the major changes in temperature, as the craft would pass through direct sunlight as well as dark areas of Earth’s shadow. The spacecraft must also be stable enough to allow extremely accurate pointing of the telescope. Finally, a shroud of multi-layered insulation was installed to keep telescope’s temperature stable including a light aluminum shell. To address the stability issue, a graphite-epoxy frame was installed within the aluminum shell to keep Hubble and its parts aligned and in tact.

Crime Data Comparison Paper

Crime Data Comparison Paper On a yearly base, the Federal Bureau of Investigation gathers information from organizations across the country that relates to specific crimes. The Federal Bureau of Investigation looks at the insights and advertises the information, which is known as Uniform Crime Reports. The two metropolitan ranges thats being contrasted throughout this essay is Mobile Alabama and Atlanta Georgia. Police officers must fill completely incident reports for all crimes that are committed. This solely happens if the victim decides to step up and is inclined to provide a report of the crime to the police. Crimes like aggravated assaults, sexual assaults, burglary, murder and property crimes are a couple of models that are gathered and examined every year. Variation in crime rate alters from year to year. The cause for the crime rate to change is due to the lack of the victims that do not report most crimes. The population of an individual region may change. Not all companies report crime information to the FBI for diverse purposes like being short on staff; software information processing system delivery issuance or the way retention of records are self-possessed. The FBI possess distinct announcement on crime thats seen or observed on their internet site www.fbi.gov. Atlanta Georgia had an expected 5,475,213 individuals living inside the twenty-eight districts that make up the Atlanta Georgia metropolitan range in 2009. The previous six years, the metro range included more than 458,568 individuals every year, more than some other in the United States. At this development rate, the anticipated populace of Atlantas 20 center areas for 2020 is 6.4 million. The biggest rate of individuals who moved to Atlanta Georgia originated from New York and New Jersey (Impact The Atlanta Regional Commission, 2014). Atlanta Georgia is a city that is not commanded by one specific race. There are a wide range of societies that make up the Atlanta Georgia populace. Atlanta Georgia is in the south where warm climate is one key element that draws in individuals to move to the range. As indicated by the FBIS Uniform Crime Report, in 2011 there were 3,391 thefts revealed. This number diminished from 3,761 numbers from 2010 (Federal Bureau Of Investigation, 2016). In connection to, the socioeconomics Mobile Alabama has an aggregate of 198,915 occupants (Mobile Alabama Demographics, n.d.). The Federal Bureau of Investigation detailed 1,897 thefts in 2011 and 1,761 in 2010 (Federal Bureau of Investigations). It is unmistakable to notice that there was a slight ascent in robberies from 2010 to 2011. Adjusting to the socioeconomics for Mobile Alabama the normal populace underneath the destitution level was 17.9% (Mobile Alabama Demographics, n.d.). Then again, the evaluated middle wage in 2009 was $35,068 and the per capita pay was 21,561 (Mobile, Alabama, 2017). Atlanta Georgia had a larger number of thefts revealed than Mobile Alabama in 2010 and 2011. The quantity of thefts declined in Atlanta by 331 in 2011. The quantity of robberies expanded in Mobile by 136 from 2010 to 2011. The wrongdoing numbers may appear to be high to a few notwithstanding, when taking the populace for these regions into thought, the number truly are not that awful. This examination discloses to me that wrongdoing is higher in certain geographic zones than others in view of various variables. Some would incorporate the racial obstructions, wage level, business, and numerous different components. A few elements could be at fault for the adjustment in the numbers. We need to consider that Atlanta Georgia has more populace than Mobile Alabama. The more populace that a range has the more noteworthy the open door is for violations to be conferred. The economic level altered because people lost their residence and jobs. This could exceptionally well add to the numbers expanding. Investigating what could help diminish numbers could be offices building up a theft team. Rehash guilty parties may have been gotten and given a stiffer discipline, for example, correctional facility or jail sentences. A few wrongdoings additionally might not have been accounted for to the police, which could add to the lessening in specific violations. Nobody can totally avert wrongdoing or anticipate the wrongdoing rates. There are many variables that have an influence in these violations. Some of these elements incorporate the neediness level inside a specific range. Race and distinctive ethnical foundations can add to high wrongdoing rates in a few territories. The quantity of wrongdoings announced every year may increment or lessening inside a geographic region relying upon various key variables. References Impact The Atlanta Regional Commission. (2014). Retrieved from http://file:///C:/Users/leidi/Downloads/ARC-Climate-2014-Full.pdf Mobile, Alabama. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.city-data.com/city/Mobile-Alabama.html Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/ Mobile Alabama Demographics. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp://mobile.alabama.com/demographics.html

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Symbols and Symbolism of Battle :: Epic Beowulf essays

Symbolism of Battle in Beowulf     Beowulf   Authors often use events and things to symbolize stages in someone's life. Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing meaning of significance to objects, events, or relationships. In the anonymous epic, Beowulf, Beowulf fights Grendel, the monsters of the ocean and Grendel's mother. Beowulf's battles with theses three evils symbolize the youth and adulthood of Beowulf's life. The battle with Grendel represents the youth of Beowulf's life. The typical youth is very brave and fights for fame. Beowulf shows how the battle with Grendel is a representation of the youth of Beowulf's life by going to Hrothgar and asking him if he can fight Grendel for him and his people. Beowulf shows this trait when he says, Grant me, then, lord and protector of this noble place, a single request! I have come so far, oh shelter of warriors and your people's loved friend, that this one favor you should not refuse me. That I, alone and with the help of my men, may purge all evil from this Hell. (Beowulf page #). Another trait that a typical youth has is that they don't want to be outwitted. They also don't want people to think poorly of them. Beowulf shows this when he hears that Grendel does not use any weapons to fight and so Beowulf says that he will not use any weapons because he wants Higlac to think worthy of him. Beowulf shows this trait when he says, I have heard, too, that the monster's scorn of men is so great that he needs no weapons and fears none. Now will I. My lord Higlac might think less of me if I let my sword go where my feet were afraid to, if I hid behind some broad linden shield: my hands alone shall fight for me, struggle for life against the monster (Beowulf page #).   The typical youth likes to brag about what they have done. Beowulf shows this third trait when he brags to Hrothgar about how he swam all the way over and killed all the monsters in the ocean. This is seen when Beowulf says, "I swam in the Blackness of night, hunting monsters out of the ocean, and killing them one by one; death was my errand and the fate they had earned" (Beowulf page #).

The Effects of Specific Diet in Relation to Aging Essay -- Nutrition

Introduction Every day people make decisions that impact their lives, varying from minuscule to dynamic effects. It is widely accepted that eating a nutritious diet may prevent, delay, or lessen certain age-related diseases. Many individuals choose to partake in a vegetarian lifestyle in hopes that it would lead to a more healthful and longer life. While a vegetarian lifestyle has proven to be generally safe and beneficial for human health, the question I propose is what the difference, if any, is between a vegetarian and omnivorous lifestyle over the adult human lifespan in relation to aging and body function? The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential effects, positive, negative, and neutral, that diet, namely vegetarian based vs. omnivore based, has on aging throughout the adult lifespan. Background To introduce the topic, it is important to know that for the purpose of this paper, the term vegetarian will encompass all types of vegetarianism, including, but not limited to, pescatarianism (abstaining from all beef, pork, poultry, and foul, but still consuming all dairy products, eggs, fish, and sea food) , the most common lacto-ovo-vegetarian (abstaining from eating the meat of all and any animals, including fish and sea food, but still consuming dairy [lacto] products and eggs [ovo]), a stricter vegetarianism, known as vegan (abstaining from all meats, fish, sea food, eggs, dairy, animal products, and in most strict cases white sugar because of the way it is processed), and the strictest form, raw vegan( abstaining from all that a vegan does, and also abstaining from all cooked and â€Å"un-natural† foods). It is also to be noted, that while many choose a vegetarian lifestyle for suspected health benefits, many also ... ...ction to food and society. Belmont, California: Thomson/Wadsworth. pp. 282, 283. ISBN 0-534-52582-2. "Protein in diet". United States National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. 2009. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm. Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Knox KH, Key TJ (2003). "EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK". Public Health Nutrition 6 (3): 259–69. doi:10.1079/PHN2002430. PMID 12740075. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and fluoride. Washington DC: The National Academies Press. ISBN 0309064031. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5776.

Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring Jean Watson's Theory of Caring Dr. Jean Watson developed a theory of human caring that has become essential in nursing. Caring is at the core of nursing and is vital in providing positive patient outcomes. Watson’s theory of caring can be applied to patient situation and his or her environment. She based her theory upon human caring relationships and experiences of human life. She acknowledges a caring relationship and a caring environment preserve human dignity, wholeness, and integrity and to restore the person’s harmony it is the nurse’s responsibility to assist an individual to establish meaning in illness and suffering (Cara, 2003). Nurses have a responsibility to evaluate the patient’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Watson developed her theory in 1979 and revised it in 1985 and 1988. The majority of the revisions was made to her carative factors that she believes is the concept for the core of nursing (Cara, 2003, p. 52). According to Sulimann, Welmann, Omer, and Thomas, (2009), Watson’s theory suggests that, â€Å"Caring is a different way of being human, present, attentive, conscious, and intentional. Nursing is centered on helping the patient achieve a higher degree of harmony within mind, body, and soul, and this harmony is achieved through caring transactions involving a transpersonal caring relationship† (p. 294). The major parts of Watson’s theory are the carative factors, the transpersonal caring relationship, and the caring occasion caring moment (Cara, 2003, p. 51). Watson has 10 carative factors, and she uses the word carative to contrast the word curative used in conventional medicine (Cara, 2003, p. 52). Watson believed that caring and curing were independent of each other (Bailey, 2009, p. 18). Cara (2003) indicates carative factors attempt to, â€Å"Honor the human dimensions of nursing’s work and the inner life world and subjective experiences of the people we serve (p. 2). The 10 carative factors are the formation of a humanistic-altruistic value system, instillation of faith and hope, cultivation of sensitivity to self and others, development of helping-trusting relationships, expression of positive and negative feelings, creative problem-solving caring process, promotion of transpersonal teaching and learning, supportive, protective, and corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment, assistance with human needs, and allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces (Cohen, 1991, p. 906). Looking at these carative factors, I can see how Watson sought to address aspects of the patient to make it more of a holistic approach with the concept of caring at the core. These carative factors was used by Watson to develop her transpersonal caring relationship, this relationship describes how the nurse goes beyond an objective assessment, showing concern toward the person’s subjective and deeper meaning regarding his or her own health care situation (Cara, 2003, p. 53). The nurse’s caring consciousness becomes essential to connect and establish a relationship with the cared-for to promote health and healing. The nurse has a moral commitment to the patient to protect and enhance his or her human dignity as well as his or her deeper self. One of the carative factors of developing a trusting relationship has to be in a place for a transpersonal relationship to occur. In the transpersonal relationship, a mutual instilling of faith and hope are present as described in one of Watson’s carative factors. Developing a transpersonal relationship with the patient’s has to involve a cultivation of sensitivity toward the patient’s and being able to support and protect him or her in the environment is essential for this kind of relationship to occur. I do not believe in the ability with patient care to have a transpersonal relationship with patients if the nurse cannot first use the carative factors with patients. Watson developed seven assumptions in her caring model to incorporate the humanistic value system with scientific knowledge. Watson believed that practice and knowledge are essential for building a caring-healing framework (Bailey, 2009, p. 18). If we just do one without the other, I personally do not think we will obtain the same results. We need to be caring toward our patients and show them we care; but we also need to do medical interventions that will bring the caring and healing together, Watson’s seven basic assumptions of the science of caring as follows: 1) Caring can only be effectively demonstrated and practiced interpersonally. 2) Caring consists of carative factors that lead to the satisfaction of certain human needs. 3) Effective caring health and growth for the individual and family. 4) Caring responses accept a person the way he or she is no matter how he or she may change in the future. ) A caring environment allows the patient to choose the best action for him that offers the development of potential at any time. 6) Caring is more healthogenic than curing. Caring is complimentary to the science of curing. 7) The practice of nursing is central to nursing (Bailey, 2009, p. 18). The last assumption that Watson made is that nursing is central to nursing (Bailey, 2009, p. 18). To understand what she meant by this, it is important to see how Watson views nursing. She views the focus of nursing as the interaction between nurse and patient. She views the goal of nursing as a science where the health and illness experiences are mediated by different transactions such as professional, personal, scientific, and ethical. Last she views the uniqueness of nursing as the spiritual growth of people within these interactions. They can release feelings, and help gain self-healing (Cohen, 1991, p. 906). I have seen how she viewed different aspects of nursing and how they convert over to caring moments with our patients. I recently had a caring moment with a patient who contributed to my own self-actualization. My patient was a 78-year-old male admitted to the hospital with pneumonia and a collapsed lung. Two chest tubes was placed in his left lung and chest x-rays was obtained showing the presence of a cancerous tumor. Upon hearing the results he and his family was devastated. He was afraid of dying and what was going to happen to his wife of 60 years. I had a caring moment with him as I sat and listened to him express his feelings about death and dying, and he shared how he was feeling. I allowed him to discuss his beliefs of the dying process and how he viewed them. He said he felt much better having someone listen to him express his feelings. He believed he could face death and that he needed to look deep into himself and trust that his wife would be all right. This was a caring moment with this elderly gentleman in which I showed my patient he was worth my time. He could go very deep because of the trust we had been building. Watson defines the person as a being in the world comprised of body, mind, and spirit. These are influenced by the concept that oneself is unique and free to make choices. She sees a person as one that needs to be accepted for whom he or she is and who he or she may become (Cara, 2003, p. 55). With my patient, I operated in this view of the person as I demonstrated several of the carative factors of Watson’s theory with my patient. I could help him find a sense of faith and hope that his wife would be taken care of after his death. I allowed him to express his positive and negative feelings about dying. I used transpersonal teaching and learning with him as I taught him some of the details of what happens as he dies as well as I learned much about him as a person and how he sees life and death. I met his physical needs by keeping him comfortable and I offered support for his mental, physical, and spiritual environment. With his permission, I arranged a visit with the chaplain, to offer more spiritual support for him. Watson’s definition of health is a person’s subjective experience, and one of her assumptions about health is that caring will promote health with the patient or the family (Cara, 2003, p. 56). I believe that each individual person has his or her own idea of what health means to him or her. We need to discover how each patient defines health for his or her own situation. In this moment with my patient, I worked with him to promote health. This was not the health that immediately comes to one’s mind. This was not health as an absence of illness. This patient was not going to get better in his physical health. I tried to promote health with him in the spiritual and emotional parts of the patient. He began to release the worries about his wife and find a more healthful attitude to continue in after our conservation. The caring environment that Watson describes is her assumption allows the person to choose the best actions for him at any time, and the nurse can help facilitate the environment that the patient desires. My patient wanted some time alone with his wife in the room and did not want to offend his other family members. I told him not to worry about it that I would take care of that for him, and he could focus on having some time with his wife. This was important for him and I could facilitate this change in environment for my patient. He made the decision, but I helped to facilitate it. Watson’s caring theory really affected me and the area of nursing that I am currently working. I am working on an intensive care unit where my patients come in near death situations daily. These patients need a nurse who understands what it means to care and develop a transpersonal relationship. These patients are coming to grips with the facts that they are about to lose their lives and what happens when they die. They begin questioning everything about this life and what happens to them when they die. These patients really need to be seen as unique individuals with specific needs of their own. My caring moment with my patient who seems like his life was greatly fulfilled prior to death leads me to believe that it is very possible to implement Watson’s theory in day-to- day nursing practice. Through the research on Watson’s theory of caring, it provided me with the ability to learn the essential elements of her theory and apply them to clinical situation in the work environment. References Bailey, D. (2009). Caring defined: a comparison and analysis. International Journal for Human Caring, 13(1), 16-31. Retrieves from CINTAHL Plus with Full Text database. Cara, C. (2003). A pragmatic view of Jean Watson’s caring theory. International Journal for Human Caring, 7(3), 51-61. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Cohen, J. (1991). Two portraits of caring: a comparison of theorists, Leininger and Watson. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16(8), 899-909. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Suliman,W. , Welmann, E. , Omer, T. , & Thomas, L. (2009). Applying Watson’s Nursing Theory to Assess Patient Perceptions of Being Cared for in a Multicultural Environment. Journal of Nursing Research (Taiwan Nurses Association). 17 (4), 293-300. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database

In 2011, What Are Social, Political, and Economic Impacts of Slavery in the U.S.?

In 2011, what are social, political, and economic impacts of slavery in the U. S.? To review American history, â€Å"American Dream† is encouraging a lot of foreigners to immigrate to America where can let these immigrates willing to the better life which refers to the success of economy through individual efforts. However, there is a dark side, namely the slavery, in American history that should not be neglected. The impact of slavery can be recognized in three fields, namely the economic field, the political field, and the social field. Each field has been interacting with each other, there are some visible and invisible phenomenons that might be helpful to spell out what the social, political, and economic impacts of slavery in American in nowadays. From 1619 to 1869, America was the biggest western country which owns huge populations o slavers and strict system of slavery. Slavers didn’t have any rights, such as education, suffrage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦etc. Simply put, slavers are not considered as people, they are the property of slave owners. The transition of the status of African-Americans, which has gone through too many struggles, is from slavers to African-Americans, in 1865, the United States Congress adopted The 13th Amendment Act, it explains that â€Å"neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. â€Å" It means that the slavery became a history of America. There is no denying that it is the long-term impact of slavery on economy in America, there are two economic transformations, which are triangle trade and industrialization, in American history. The structure of triangle trade is based on the business among Europe, America and Africa. At that time, the North America was the transfer spot between England and its colonies, it means that North America exported agricultural products to England, such as cotton, in the mean time, North America imported slavers. Due to the different economic systems between northern and southern states: industry and commerce were centered on the northern states, agriculture was centered on the southern states, the economic confliction was increasing and then changed to the political and social confliction. At that era, the northern states claimed that protectionism which claims America should take high customs duties to protect the development of industry and commerce, but this policy caused great damage of agricultural economy in southern states. because slavery was major foundation of economy in southern states, so the confliction between northern and southern states was unable to avoid. Another point is that America was not a federal government at that time, it was a confederation. According to the aforementioned, I do not think that northern states want southern states to be the dependency of England in some day, so the Civil War is avoidless process. Slavery is the foundation that forces America to be t he most powerful country in whole world, especially economic and social impacts. After Civil War, slavers get freedom and they enter into the labor market of industry, it improves the economic benefits and rapid industrialization, America was prospering before Great Depression. However, America has experienced some economic failures, such as Great Depression and Financial Tsunami. I think it is the long-term economic impact of slaver because American government adopted over-protected economic policy, and it is one of reasons which caused Great Depression and then American government has gone toward another extreme way, namely the over-liberalism, and it is one of reasons that caused Financial Tsunami. After the disaster of Financial Tsunami. The most important political impact of slavery is American changes to federation. The problem of confederation is that the confederation government does not have enough political, military and economic power to restrain each state, it means these states usually ignore the motions of confederation government. With the establishment of federation after 1865, America is toward the centralization, the interests of country is far higher and more important than the interests of each states. The racial discrimination is a long term problem in the American society, some white people think that they are more superior than other races, and it is called â€Å"White supremacy†. African-Americans are facing the racial discrimination since the era of slavery, such as the racial discrimination in Major League Baseball. An unwritten policy is called â€Å"gentlemen’s agreement† created a colored barrier in Major league baseball until 1947. The possibility of African-American players in Major League Baseball had been excluded. In the late of twentieth century, American government adopts â€Å"Affirmative Action† to try to improve the situation of black people through the structure of law, however, it caused the reverse discrimination. As William J. Wilson’s book, â€Å"The Truly Disadvantaged† noted , he claims that the racial discrimination and its damage were happening in the past, the education is the major factor which effects the economic success of black people because black people are in the bottom of the economic pyramid. In fact, I can not agree with this point because I think that the long-term discrimination is causing the unfair of education and social status, and these factors also influence with each other, this discrimination is invisible that has gradually permeated to the cultural, political, economic field. In nowadays, the racial discrimination still exists in the American society, as one survey from â€Å"Gallup Poll† in 2008 noted, the racial discrimination can be found in four specific problems—â€Å"lower average education levels for U. S. blacks, lower average income levels for U. S. blacks, lower average life expectancies for blacks, and a higher percentage of blacks serving time in U. S. prisons. † It was impossible that African-Americans can be the American president in two hundred years ago, but Barack Obama won the election of American president in 2008. To most people, the victory of Barack Obama is breaking the racial discrimination in the American society, but I do not think so. Because changing the law is easier than changing the opinion of people, especially the long-term concept. Works Cited 1. EH. Net. â€Å"Slavery in the United States. † EH. Net. The Economic History Association with the Support of Other Sponsoring Organizations. , 1 Feb. 2010. Web. 04 Dec. 2011. . 2. Wagley, K. â€Å"Slavery's Economic Basis and Impact on the Emerging United States. † Yahoo! Voices – Voices. yahoo. com. 30 Sept. 2009. Web. 04 Dec. 011. . 3. Wright, Gavin. Slavery and American Economic Development. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2006. Print. 4. Wilson, William J. The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1987. Print. 5. Jones, Jeffrey M. â€Å"Majority of Americans Say Racism Against Blacks Widespread. † Gallup. Com – Daily News, Polls, Public Opinion on Government, Politics, Economics, Management. Gallup, Inc. , 4 Aug. 2008. Web. 04 Dec. 2011. .

Capital Gains Tax Liability Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Capital Gains Tax Liability - Case Study Example This is not only valuable because you singularly own the property, but also because that gives you added equity and financial credibility in addition to other benefits, such as the fact that being a homeowner brings with it many perks. The capital gains that will be have to paid on the apartment is $150,000 since that is the money that was made off the sale. This number is computed by subtracting the original list price ($650,000) from the sale price ($800,000). Additionally, capital gains tax must be paid on the house. The main residence exemption may apply, but you as the client would have to ask a capital gains lawyer if this would apply to you. You were supposed to have given two years' notice within having a combination of residencies.1 Since Angelina owned 10,000 shares in Rio Tinto, and they are now valued at $40 and not the original selling price of $29, she will have to pay capital gains taxes for stock value. Her capital gains tax will be a certain percentage of $11,000 that she made after the BHP takeover of Rio Tinto. Rollover consequences may be that Angelina will have to pay some sort of fine for rolling over her assets. For Angelina's partnership with Lena, she will have to pay a certain percentage of capital gains taxes of $75,000. ... [However, w]hile the roll over allows you to defer a capital gain to a later income year, other CGT small business concessions may exempt or reduce your capital gain" which are the consequences.2 The law states, "If your business has owned an asset for 15years and you are aged 55years or over and are retiring, or if you are permanently incapacitated, you won't have an assessable capital gain when you sell the asset."3 Therefore, since Angelina is only 52 she cannot get this break. However, the law also states, "A capital gain from the sale of a business asset will be exempt up to a lifetime limit of $500,000. If you are under 55years of age, the exempt amount must be paid into a complying superannuation fund or a retirement savings account to obtain the exemption."4 This would apply to Angelina, so she could put any capital gains tax into the specified type of retirement account. Angelina most likely is able to receive the 50% small business reduction. This means that she can multiply half of her profit, and subtract it from the capital gain and only have to pay that amount. Angelina and Sean would have to meet certain requirements in order to get a small business exemption. Some further research would have to be done in order to see if they met those requirements. According to Active Asset Reduction law, "There are other CGT small business concessions, in addition to this concession, that may apply to reduce your capital gain. You can apply as many concessions as you are entitled to until the capital gain is reduced to nil. There are rules about the order you apply the CGTconcessions...."5 With regard to Angelina and Lena's business, most likely the trading stock could be rolled over since it is such

Sociology Applied 4 (Social Class and Stratification) Essay

Sociology Applied 4 (Social Class and Stratification) - Essay Example In the game rules, the lower class also received the least amount of salary. This reflects upon real life where those who fall under the lower class are victims of poor or minimal pay (Walter, 108). During the game, I experienced minimal mobility as a result of playing under the lower class. My social stratum in the game ensured that I remained fixed to the bottom and mostly experience downward mobility. My game experience reflects the real life experience of people who belong to the lower class. People in the lower class have minimal chance of making it in life due to the minimal chances they get presented with in life. For example, in the game, the lower class only gets one chance to throw the die when trying to get out of jail compared to the other classes that to throw two dice or more. This gives a parallel experience by those in lower class in real life who get minimal chance to get out of hardships. Belonging to different classes impacted on the economic and social interactions during the game. The first interaction occurs when taking turns to play the game. The lower class is the last to make a move after the working class. The only interaction between those in the upper class and lower class was economic (Water 96). This took place as the upper class controlled the bank and its functions. The upper class controlled the bank and thus forcing the other classes to rely on him to provide economic services during the game. The conflict/ social conflict theory best explains the overall perspective of the game. The division of the game into classes provides unfair advantages to various participants. The conflict theory distinguishes the society into various classes, which compete for the scarce resources (Walter, 132). This reflects in the game as the participants get classified according to social classes. This theory also states on how the elite control the poor and weak in the society. In the game, the upper class had more ability ad responsibility

Quality Analysis I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quality Analysis I - Essay Example Apple is also involved in the marketing of mobile communication and media devices with other peripherals and associated accessories (Lashinsky, 2012). Among the products produced by Apple Inc., the Apple personal computers have been one of the greatest successes that the organization has made in the past. The Apple Smartphones exhibit a number of qualities that put them way ahead of other competing organizations, within the stiff market arena. The qualities of Apple Smartphones that put them ahead in terms of competition from the many smartphone manufacturers include the unique operating software (OS), which has the ability to resist virus attack. Viruses are some of the greatest concerns of many smartphone users today, most especially in reference to data loss, which is one of the greatest problems that majorities of the users face today. Additionally, Apple Smartphones use very unique software that are never used by any other type of computer system, therefore, preventing the problem of software piracy, ideally, one of the greatest currently in the Information Technology industry (Lashinsky, 2012). In conducting a SWOT analysis for Apple Inc., it is clear that the greatest strength contributing to the organization’s success is innovation. Apple Inc. has been able to create unique products, which have brought the market forward, especially in terms of design and competition (Cruikshank, 2006). With products such as the Smartphones and the iPhones, the organization has been able to bring technology to the mainstream, enabling it build a brand name that beats all the rest in the market arena. Despite such great success, Apple Inc. has one great weakness in terms of its pricing. It is substantively clear that the prices of most of Apple’s products are very exploitative, with a majority of critics arguing that the organization only concentrates in gathering immense wealth in cash terms from its customers, without any little concern for theirs economic status

Medicare and a never-event involving a patient transfer case Essay

Medicare and a never-event involving a patient transfer case - Essay Example According to Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (n.d), the main factors that determine whether patients that are at risk of pressure ulcers receive proper health care can be categorized into three broad areas: clinical services accessibility, quality of clinical services, social factors and economic factors. Patients that are risk of pressure ulcers should be in a position to access the clinical services in time. These services can be categorized into three: skin assessment that is comprehensive in nature, standardized risk assessment and the planning for pressure ulcer care (Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d). Each of these categories is important and should be well performed. These steps enable clinicians to avoid overlooking when it comes to clinical care that is evidence based. The quality of clinical services is a factor in the sense that, for example, in the case of skin assessment (comprehensive), the skin in its totality should be examined keenly for abnormalities. This shouldn’t be done only through looking, but touching also especially the bony areas of the body (Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d). When this is not done properly, then the pressure ulcer will not be able to be identified in its early stage. Social factors hold that there is need to take care of those who are at risk of pressure ulcers due to the impossibility of moving the body parts for example. There should be close links that see to it that these people are assisted in way possible and taken to hospital when need be. The economic factors play a role, especially when it comes to the material that the potential pressure ulcer patient sits or lies in. The comfortable resting facilities are expensive and therefore only few can afford those of the best qualities, for example a wheelchair (Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d). The administration needs to come up with rules and regulation if not laws like

Film Analysis Paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Analysis Paper - Movie Review Example The old man who tells the story deserves a kind of special attention and it is James Garner. Gene Rowlands is the other key actress of the film who is the mother of Cassevetes. The film gives an impression of intimacy in romance and how it lasts until the final breath; and apart from this, how the partner is trying to convince his lover of his presence who lost her memory and fails to recognize him. And the viewer gets a kind of impression that the love is so intense that connects them together even after long years of gap in interaction. Hence, one can definitely say that life is a written notebook and its pages denote the life events. Furthermore, the notebook is the influencing factor for reuniting and strengthening the love and romance among the partners. The film â€Å"The Notebook† is an ever remarkable attempt of romantic story telling. The story is narrated so beautifully that one would definitely amaze watching it. The story begins in 1940, an occasion of carnival whe n the little boy Noah Calhoun and sweet Allie Hamilton meet each other for the first time. The interaction between them springs up with a blooming concept of love and intimacy in both. Noah takes Allie to an abandoned house which he intends to buy in future. But things go beyond their expectation that very next morning she shifts to her home town in Charlseston. Later in World War II both Noah and his companion involve and latter loses his life. Meanwhile, Allie serves as a volunteer in a hospital for the injured soldiers in the war where she meets Lon Hammond with whom she gets engaged. The return from the war makes him aware of the fact that he is left with no house to lay down his head. And Noah decides to possess the abandoned house which has a nostalgic feeling with his loving girl friend Allie. One of his visits to Charleston he finds that Allie is in love with Los, seeing them in an embarrassing view of kissing each other at a restaurant. After realizing and trusting upon Noa h she follows him to his native, specifically to the abandoned house. The twist of the film begins here as the woman who listens to the story is none other than Allie and the story teller is her husband. Meanwhile the incidents of Allies mother’s and Los’ entry to Noah’s land is also demonstrated as destruction of peace in their life. At that moment itself Allie makes a confession that she has been living with him for the past many days. It is also evident that two times Noah suffers from heart attack and recovers. Ultimately, Allie recognizes Noah and requests not to leave her thus they go to bed. In the climax both seem dead on the dead, an emotional, tearful ending of the movie. The movie received much attention due to an admirable role played by the respective actors. Every character portrays own role so magnificently that the film looked so realistically. The role played by Ryan Gosling as Noah is excellent and appreciating so is the Allie Hamilton portraye d by Rachel McAdams. Precisely, these are the two characters that play a significant role in the film, attracting the attention of the viewers. The role of Lon by James Marsden Gena Rowlands seems so wonderful in relation with the story and the way of acting. The film holds lot of similarities and resemblance to the original novel or story. From a personal point of view, the film could express the real sense of romance which was present in the original story. And no doubt the credit can be shared among the casting

Native American Vision Quest Essay Example for Free

Native American Vision Quest Essay Vision Quest: A vision quest is a rite of passage in Native American cultures and more specifically the Oji-Cree. It was undertaken by a person when they reached puberty. The vision quest comprised of going to the wild for about ten days to fast. This took place either at the top of a hill or if need be a platform built in a tree. During the vision it is expected that at least one or more spirits would take pity on the individual and become his or her protector in the ordeal as well as a source of spiritual power for life. The carrying out of the vision quest was normally for males only in some Native American cultures; however for the Oji-Cree both males and females participated in this quest. During the vision fast power could be obtained and subsequently enhanced by fasting. During the course of the vision quest an individual would also receive his or her secret name from their spirit protector. The vision quest constituted for half of the spiritual rituals the Oji-Cree would undertake the other half being the shaking tent ceremony. The historical significance of this ritual was it was undertaken by individuals to provide power for themselves. Power was important as the Oji-Cree believed that power was inherent in every living thing and object, thus making it a important part of their way of life. Torah: The torah or also known as the law are the first five books of the Bible. It contains the essence of Judaism as well as ethical teachings and basic guidance. The Torah also contains the Ten Commandments which were given to the Hebrews by the Prophet Moses. The books that make up the Torah are Genesis (creation), Exodus (departure), Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. Although sometimes it may contain The Prophets and usually the Psalms and other writings however some Hebrew scholars omit the Psalms and other writings. In the Christian faith the Torah is known as the Old Testament. The Torah provides modern day Jews with a explanation of what occurred in the time of the biblical Hebrews, events such as the conquest of Canaan and the exploration into the promised land are written in the Torah. The Torah is an integral part of the Jewish faith and is a corner stone in the teaching and spreading of the Jewish faith. Complimentary religious texts include the Mishnah and Talmud. In addition to providing the Jewish faith with guidelines and commandments the Torah also allowed for the academic interpretation of Hebrew teachings. These studies and interpretations were carried out by men called Rabbis which means teacher or my master. The Torah had increased significance during the Greek occupation of Judah as it became the foundation for the law of Judah in an attempt to preserve Jewish religion. The Torah also saw translation by the hands of the Greeks later on as the Greeks were fascinated by Judaism. This translation was named the Septuagint (in Greek it was Septuaginta) which meant seventy, seventy being the number of translators needed. Qur’an: The Qur’an is the central religious text of the Muslim faith. Islamic adherents believe that the Qur’an is the verbatim word of God. It`s origins start when the Prophet of the Muslim faith Mohammed was approached by the angel Gabriel during the month of Ramadan on Mount Hira. This was a repeat experience as it happened in later points in his life. In light of the fact that he was illiterate, he recited the teachings he had heard from Gabriel and by extension God to his followers who wrote them down. Similar to the Torah and the Bible the Qur’an was a written copy of oral tradition. However while the Torah and the Bible had multiple authors, Mohammed was the sole individual who dictated the Qur’an. In Arabic the word Qur’an means reading or recitation and it is generally believed that the Qur’an was to be the final message of God to humanity, making Mohammed merely the vessel from which this was sent. The Qur’an is tremendously significant to Muslims as in their eyes it is more than just a Holy Book, they see it as divine thought in written form consisting of the very mind and essence of God being communicated through Mohammed to humanity. It is a similar concept to the Christian concept of Logos, which is the Word of God being incarnate in Jesus Christ. The Muslim equivalent of Logos would be the Qur’an. Like the Christian`s Bible and the Hebrews Torah the Qur’an provides the framework of the Muslim faith as well is integral to the carrying out of the religions tenants. The Qur’an has influenced many events across history and can be considered the finest piece of literature in the Arabic Language. Sunni: Sunni is one of the sects of Islam, the other being Shi’a . Sunni is also the majority sect in Islam. The origins of the Sunni sect are intertwined with the Shi’as’ in an event known as the Shi’sm. The origins of Shi’sm derive from the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Mohammed named Ali. Most historians believed that Ali was the first male to embrace the Prophet’s message of Islam. His adherents also believed that he was he rightful successor of the Prophet and that he had been chosen by the prophet as the political and spiritual leader of Islam. The Sunnis were the faction who did not believe that the Prophet had selected Ali to succeed him. This clash of beliefs caused a schism with Islam and saw the creation of Sunnis and Shi’ites. While this schism was centuries ago it has significant implications in the modern day setting especially in the Middle east. In Iraq a part of the current warfare which is occurring is between the two groups. While Sunnis are a majority in most of the Muslim world, Iraq is predominantly Shi’a. The President of Iraq Saddam Hussein belonged to the Sunni faction and represented the minority rule over the majority in the country. While the Sunni faction differs from the Shi’a on terms of succession and other doctrine both groups agree that Allah is one and Mohammed is his last prophet. Regarding Islam, Sunni is often referred as the orthodox version of the religion. Bhagavad Gita: The Bhagavad Gita is a 700 hundred verse Hindu scripture. It is a veda or a old sacred book of Hinduism. The Bhagavad Gita is an epic poem describing classical Hinduism and was composed approximately near the end of the pre-classical age and beginning of the classical age of Hinduism. Its writing form is as a narrative of a great battle and is a section of a larger work known as Mahabharata, which was created much earlier in time. The premise of the Bhagavad Gita is :Prior to the battle a great warrior, Ajuna hesitates to fight. His charioteer, Krishna teaches him that it is his purpose and destiny to fight. Ajuna’s charioteer turns out to be an incarnation of the god Vishnu or in Hindu culture an avatar. The Bhagavad Gita is a compilation of centuries of developing worship, mediation and thought. The text consists of developed concepts of classical Hinduism touching on several points such as the gods Vishnu and Shiva and the concepts of karma, dharma, reincarnation and cases. The dimensions of the Bhagavad Gita are 18 chapters and 700 verses found in the Mahabharata. The Bhagavad Gita was spiritually important as it served as a source of spiritual knowledge as well as serves to reveal the purpose and goal of human existence. Master K’ung: Master K’ung or more commonly known as Confucius is one of the most important Chinese philosophers. He is traditionally hailed as the father of philosophical school of Confucianism. In addition to his capacity as a philosopher Master K’ung was also traditionally known as a was a thinker, political figure and educator. Master k’ung was said to have lived from 551-479 B.  C, his teachings were transferred orally by his students, emphasizing a way of life called ren. Ren was defined as right living and was achieved through li or ethical propriety, good manners and traditional ritualistic practices. According to his teachings family was seen as the central vehicle to cultivate these attributes. Master K’ung’s thoughts became available in a book known as the Analects. Master K’ung’s journey consisted of him leaving his life behind and wandering with a band of disciples until he found internal peace. While claims are unlikely, Master K’ung is attributed with works known as the Five Classics. These classics consist of the Shu Ching or Classic of History (writings and speeches from ancient Chinese rulers), the Shih Ching or Classic of Poetry (300 poems and songs), the I Ching or Classic of Changes (the description of a divinatory system), the Chun Chiu or Spring and Autumn Annal (a history of the state of Lu from 722 to 484 BC) and the Li Ching or Classic of Rites (a group of three books on the Li the rites of propriety. In addition there was also a now lost sixth book called the Yueh Ching or Classic of Music. Maste K’ung had a tremendous legacy which effected the world, as millions around the world would apply his wisdom and thoughts even in this day and age.

Expansion of Spanish clothing retailer Zaras

Expansion of Spanish clothing retailer Zaras This article examines the case of the Spanish clothing retailer Zaras experience of and plans for further expansion into Southern and Northern American markets. It argues that given the unique distribution and production functions of the retailer that possible problems exist for continued expansion in the US market. The problems associated with this given the characteristics of local markets and pressures from rival operators means that a recommendation is made for an adjusted international strategy for the company despite its broad successes elsewhere globally. Introduction Globalisation has become an essential element of international marketing principles and it has been argued that one of the keys to success in global markets is the effective development and marketing of standardised products and brands (Douglas Wind, 1987). Jay (2000) suggests that the development of international enterprises is as a consequence of reduced barriers for trading due to developments in information technology. Jones (2002) argues that successful international operations are those which integrate and cooperate in business activities across national boundaries. It is clear that the clothing industry is a significant part of the internationalisation process in terms of the critical growth of the clothing retailing sector in global markets and attendant activities such as global sourcing. The international expansion of Zara is led by its parent company Grupo Inditex which is based in Spain and Zara has achieved an impressive annual growth of 26% over the last five years (DAndrea Arnold, 2002). Based in Spain Zara has grown from 180 stores to 1.080 stores in 33 countries and in 2002 150 stores were added in 9 countries and further expansion has been planned and expected. As the biggest economy in the world the American market is an attractive one for Zara and stores located in New York were announced as being successful indicators towards future market penetration. The huge American market and especially the North American marketplace was highlighted as the next move for the companys expansion plan yet the diversity in this market and high level of competition creates challenges for continued Zaras success. Environmental Analysis A clear understanding of the business environment is essential for companies in competing in the global economy. This is particularly important in relation to international strategy. Environmental analysis can be made from both a macro and micro perspective and both the PESTEL and Porters industrial analysis are useful instruments of analyses (Johnson Scholes, 2002). PESTEL analyses the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal events that have impacts on a business. Of interest in this case is the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which helped regional economic growth among member countries through eliminating tariffs and government encouragement of foreign direct investment. This creates threats to Zara in terms of an entry model as well as marketing strategy. The American market is highly attractive for multinational companies such as Zara. The US is the number one economy in the world although since the terrorist attacks in 2001 the American economy slowed down accompanied with a reduction in consumer confidence. According to Jobber (2001) where national economic performance and customer confidence is poor consumers will reduce consumption of non essential products. This poses problems for Zara in competing in a highly competitive marketplace where demanding for clothing has decreased. Zara however provides luxury clothing products at a reasonable price which provides the company with competitive advantages in terms of price, quality and brand name. The success of Zara depends on an effective logistics system and it is one of the few companies with in-house design and production enabling them to provide new clothing lines within 15 days instead of the 9 months average lead-in time of the textile and clothing industry. It is fair to say that this logistics system based on information technology and computerized design and production programs enables Zara to maintain competitive advantages over other international competitors. However previous experiences in operating in South America where a complex and large distribution centre was established in order to supply the southern region saw challenges in the integrated supply chain being created. Language as one of the most important elements of culture plays a vital role in shaping international marketing strategy simply because people under different social and cultural environments share different value systems and display varied consumer behaviour (Bradley, 2005). Additionally it is useful to be aware of the new form of political economy which suggests that economic phenomena are highly linked with political issues in that governments seek to use political power to achieve economic benefits (Rugman Hodgetts, 2003). Examples of this can be seen in the increasing role of developing countries in the world economy. In the case of the textile and clothing industry more and more retailers and manufacturers source from lower labour cost developing countries res ulting in significant competitive pressures on Zara which insists on sourcing mainly from Europe and relying on its in-house design and production. Porter (1980) provides a useful framework in understanding the industrial environment in which companies are involved in. The competitive level in an industry shapes a firms strategy in competing in its marketplace and in turn this is shaped by the performance of operators within the industry. It is obvious that competition levels are high in both the North and South American marketplace. Zara entered the South American market where American brands such as GAP and the Swedish brand HM were major competitors within the middle clothing market. Similarly buyer power has increased in the modern business environment and Zara needs to effectively satisfy customers globally from different nations and cultural backgrounds. Improvement in US consumer confidence demonstrated in the research creates opportunities for Zara in expanding its market from south to the north (BBC News, 2005). Nevertheless the issue of different supply systems needs to be resolved utilising Zaras integrated global sup ply and logistics chain. The strategic plan to establish a specific supply and distribution centre for the North America market aims to control cost and maintain competitive capabilities in competing with companies from member countries of NAFTA such as Canada and Mexico as well as local players who source from cheaper overseas suppliers. Due to the nature of the clothing retailing industry the diversity of retailing forms in the US is complex including both large numbers as well as different formats for retailers including large retailers, department stores, merchandise shops, small specialty operators and discount stores. There are potential new entrants into this marketplace and hence it is critical for Zara to be aware of the high competition level in the US clothing retailing industry at all levels of the market. Market Segmentation Market segmentation aims to provide relevant information for a basis for the selection of target markets (Bradley, 2005). Zaras targeted customers are people who seek for higher quality clothing products at reasonable prices. In this case targeted American customers were those who expressed interest in European branded clothes. First of all Zaras women collection is divided into three categories: Zara Women, Zara Basic and the sporty Trafaluc representing market segments for women who look for a more formal style, younger women for a more informal style and younger women and teenagers while menswear included Mens Line at Zara, Zara Basics, its club-wear brand 100Zara and Zara Sport (DAndrea Arnold, 2002). In this sense the general public from all age groups can be seen as potential customers targeted by specific sub-brands of Zara. A second important variable in defining segmentation is based on psychographic characteristics such as lifestyle which will be discussed in detail in the next section (Jobber, 2001). As one of the most famous and successful European brands Zara in its existing south American market targeted people who were especially interested in European styles at affordable price levels. This targeting strategy remained the same for Zara in expanding in the North American marketplace. One definition of consumers suggests that it can be seen as individuals as well as groups of people purchase products or services for personal use, household or gifts. In other words they can be classified as end users of particular products (Solomon et al, 2002). Retailers are situated in the final steps of the distribution chain and are closely linked with end users or customers. Therefore it is useful to look at the concept of consumer behaviour in relation to clothing buying in light of target segmentation strategies pursued by Zara. Blackwell, Miniard and Engel (2000) define the initial step of consumption processes as the recognition of needs which can be influenced by various factors such as reference group values, self esteem and external cultural and social value systems. Particularly modern customers have become more sophisticated and learn more from their purchasing experiences with price often deployed as a key indicator as to the quality of goods (Jobber, 2001). This is arguably the case for buying activity in the clothing sector with brand name, price, style as well as quality tending to have important effects on the decision making processes leading to purchasing. According to Entwistle (2000) clothing is not simply about physical garments but takes on a multi-faceted significance where people use fashion to define and negotiate their identity in wider social contexts. Increasing power for consumers enables them to bargain for lower priced clothing yet it remains the case that pure discount on price is not necessarily important for them in make purchasing decisions. This aspect of consumer behaviour offers a useful insight for Zara in establishing its competitive advantages based on an effective logistics and supply chain through ensuring quality with reduced costs matched to a strong brand name. Foxall, Goldsmith and Brown (1998) argue that there are several stages after need recognition leading to final buying activity and as such the co mmunication strategy used to build up effective customer relationships and brand image by clothing retailers is most useful at the early stage in order to have a lasting impact on purchasing decisions. In this retail context women are suggested to constitute a major proportion of consumers (Domosh, 1996). Particularly women are more involved in both social and economic life functions which results in increasing demands on fashion in terms of style and self identity. Additionally a determinant of the degree to which customers evaluate a brand is the level of involvement with high involvement meaning extensive evaluation of the product and/or alternatives (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 1989). For clothing products the degree of involvement is suggested as being typically medium to high (Breward, 2000). Bearing in mind the concept of involvement and the role of women in purchasing Zara used a suite of effective marketing tools in maintaining customer loyalty through providing value added clothing relevant to identified market preferences. This is because in terms of fashion a stylish and sophisticated brand image in terms of trends, styles and tastes is a key success factor in building a b rand name for a retailer such as Zara. Similarly effectively maintaining customer loyalty in terms of repeat buying is a major contributor to successfully expanding its market share in the US market. Marketing Strategy Analysis and Evaluation Based on its successful experience in operating in New York Zara pursued a strategic market expansion strategy in order to maintain organisational growth in terms of market share and the accruement of financial benefits. The establishment of a distribution centre in the outskirts of Buenos Aires enabled Zara supply the southern region as well as played a strategic role in supplying the new northern market (DAndrea Arnold, 2002). With Zara being one of the few companies utilising in-house design and production meant sourcing locally was its main strategy rather than switching to overseas suppliers. This strategic choice did enhance the competitive capabilities of Zara in terms of short lead time and effective logistics control but added to pressure from competitors who sourced abroad resulting in competitive pricing in the middle market by rivals such as HM and GAP. In addition in considering an integrated supply chain the distribution centre to some extent caused inefficiencies in the overall system in that decisions on the choice of local manufacturers had been made difficult due to the closure of American textile and clothing manufacturers who moved production lines to Asia. As such the market expansions strategy remains unclear in terms of it achieving growth based on effective franchises rather than through adding new stores and entering new markets. This can be said to be especially the case for the North American market. Although the market size is large and entry barriers are low due to the cultural differences between south and north US regions means significant attention must be paid to the marketing mix in order to achieve synergy from integration. Life styles are different in North and South America hence the branding strategy used by Zara is essential in differentiating itself with both from existing rivals and attracting new custom ers within each of the respective markets. Evaluation of marketing mix In the context of international market and keeping in mind different macro and micro environmental conditions an international marketing mix needs to be varied from one context to another (Keegan Green, 2003). Based on the branding marketing mix strategies it is of importance to look at international marketing models in the North American market considering different operational environments and different consumer behaviour in southern and northern markets. Product and brand The term product not only refers to tangible goods but also entails intangible attributes such as customer service and brand name (Keegan Green, 2003). As a retailer Zara provides a similar range of products in both the southern and northern markets in the US as those provided in its domestic market. However the intangible resource which Zara as a strong brand in New York occupying the middle fashion market appears to be less visible more broadly in the North American markets in comparison with the national brand image of GAP. Traditionally the brand image of Zara as a retailer is one targeted on middle income consumers seeking high fashion styles at reasonable prices. As a result of successful operation in the EU market as well as Asian and South American markets Zara was able to create a strong brand image in the middle fashion market in order to compete with GAP and HM who are also two major operators in the wider global market. Price Price is argued as being an important indicator for customers in evaluating the quality of products and within the clothing sector this also holds true (Easey, 2002). The price mix deployed in the US market is double that found in its domestic region in Spain due to higher operational cost and higher labour costs. It has been suggested that the clothing industry is labour intensive and that effective human resource management strategy contributes in a key manner to effective cost control and in turn allow for competitive pricing in the market (Jones, 2002). As a result the operational strategy employed by Zara has been consistently challenged by competitive pricing from competitors who source from cheaper developing countries. As a result the efficacy of an integrated logistics and supply chain can be questioned along with the ability of maintaining this over the long term given the diversity and complexity of the clothing manufacturing industry in the US. In sum Zaras operation in i nternational markets appears to be experiencing rapid growth in terms of new branches and improving sales and profit but longer term challenges need to be addressed as a priority. Easey (2002) argues that pricing regimes for clothing products may need to change depending on different characteristics in each national market but that communication and management of these changes need to be directed from a strategic level. Communication An integrated communication strategy is an important part of the marketing mix within a branding strategy framework. This seems to be even more essential in the clothing retailing industrial context involving the use of celebrities as a critical communication tool in communicating with customers. For Blythe (2000) marketing communications objectives are created in order to develop a customer base and improve sales through increasing both new and existing customers expenditure on a brands products. However Zara has rarely exploited advertising campaigns except in the case of its launch of two main product ranges occurring seasonally each year. This can help explain its low brand awareness in the North American market which is a threat to successful entry into this marketplace. Additionally visual merchandising such as store design and layout has become widely regarded as important communication tools with consumers (Lea-Greenwood, 2002). In the case of Zara store design such as clear lighting, white walls and ceiling and style-related decorations such as photographs were deployed in order to create an elegant atmosphere emphasising a brand image reflecting European trends. Likewise employee uniforms helped Zara maintain a visual and physical presence of the brand image and helped in communicating with customers and needed only minor adjustments between southern and northern stores. It is believed that the format and experience of a trading environment particularly in clothing retailing interacts closely with merchandise, customer service and the success of communications strategies (Walters Hanrahan, 2000). It can be argued that the communication strategy used by Zara is effective in terms of communicative effects and of a lower cost than its competitors. On the other hand establishing a significant nationwide presence in North America may require either a large expenditure on a celebrity endorsed campaign or the ef fective use of novel techniques such as viral marketing. Distribution The distribution channel is the network which links producers with users yet international distribution strategies are difficult to manage since distribution structures differ from one country to the next (Keegan Green, 2003). For Zara the US market presents unique challenges. As mentioned earlier the closure of US local manufacturers and moves to Asian manufacturing operations poses major threats to Zara which traditionally exploits local sources in supporting its in house design and production. Due to the highly fragmented nature of fashion retailing it is vital for Zara to differentiate itself from other competitors during its entry stage into the North American market. In considering these difficulties in enter this market and the different cultural backgrounds involved Zara pursued an organic growth in terms of opening stores in its expansion. This is because a strong financial background based on its successful operation both in New York and support from its parent company Grupo Inditex allowed for a longer term fiscal view to be taken. However the use of English in the US market is likely to present challenges for the Spanish company but successful international human resource management should counter this and lead to successful implementation of its strategic expansion plans. Conclusion In order to maintain organizational growth Zara employed an aggressive expansion strategy in responding to internationalisation and globalisation. Research demonstrates that a strong global brand name is one of the most vital elements contributing to the success of international operations (Wigley et al, 2005). However a key consideration is cultural influences which have shaped international marketing strategies for Zara in the US market. An international marketing strategy to some degree remains the same as strategies used in other markets satisfy targeted customer groups effectively. However because of local differences and consumer complexity in the American market adjustments were used such as the establishment of a dedicated distribution centre for the American market. Recommendations The marketing mix used by Zara in the US market has been more effective in New York than in other locations. Brand name is a significant part of product concept hence it is useful for Zara to cooperate with local fashion magazines in conducting magazine campaigns in order to improve brand awareness at the market entry stage. Lea-Greenwoods (2002) suggestion that the communication process involves three key participants namely sender, message and receiver must be added to in the sense that practical contexts of business operations in the clothing retailing sector makes this model more complex due to changing forces in the external environment such as developments in media technology and changing characteristics/preferences of consumers. This is also of particular importance in international markets as different cultural and social backgrounds have substantial impacts on consumer behaviour as well as effective communication models. Secondly higher costs resulted in higher prices for Zara in these locations. This phenomenon is able to generate potential risks to its brand image of quality clothing products at reasonable prices. It is undoubted that in house design and local sourcing provides Zara with competitive advantages such as short lead times and high response rates to clothing trends but an awareness of local characteristics in the marketplace is essential. In the case of international expansion currency rates have a major impact on operational and labour costs. In turn competitiveness on price might be eliminated because of pressures from competitors who are able to provide even cheaper but goods which are of high quality. As Jones (2002) highlights global sourcing is a key trend and will continue to be so due to globalisation. Although sourcing abroad raises concerns on supply chain related risks which are often called the Iceberg theory it is imperative that Zara be aware of the significant advantages of sourcing from countries with lower labour costs especially given that quality levels have improved (Jackson Shaw, 2001). With the North American market there were difficulties for Zara in maintaining its famous on an in house production model simply because of a lack of local suppliers and manufacturers. Additionally labour costs in America are considerably higher compared to its operation in Europe. It is hard for Zara then to enjoy cost advantages offered by Eastern European countries as well as cheap domestic cost in Spain (Jones, 2002). The suggestion here is to consider expanding operations to Mexico which is comparably cheaper than the US yet offers a distribution channel to the North American market. The establishment of a distribution centre in Mexico is more likely to be cost effective rather th an building specific manufacturing factories in order to supply the North American market.